Hästfärger – genetik introduktion
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Längd hos människan brukar man säga är en polygen egenskap, dvs det är flera gener som påverkar. jag skulle tro att detsamma gäller för höjd hos hästar, men det har jag inte sett någon fakta på.
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Skimmel hos häst styrs av en gen. Om hästen har den genen blir den skimmel. Det räcker med en uppsättning av genen för att hästen ska bli skimmel. Det syns ingen skillnad på en individ som har fått en skimmelgen från bara en förälder eller från båda. Anlaget är alltså dominant över det anlag som gör att hästen inte blir grå.
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Gulanlaget hos häst (ger tex gulbrun och isabell) är också en enkel gen, men om hästen fått en gen blir den just tex gulbrun, medan om den har fått en gulgen från varje förälder blir den väldigt ljus, vissa kallar felaktigt dessa hästar albino. Ett svenskt ord är gulvit, på engelska används ofta perlino, cremello och smokey black, vilket syftar på vilken färg som finns som grundfärg.
Eumelanin och feomelanin ligger bakom många andra djur och människans pigment med.
Viss forskning tyder på att hästar som skimlar av och blir vita tidigt är homozygoter, dvs med två skimmelanlag, så det kan finnas en möjlighet att visuellt se om en häst har ett eller två anlag)
I planned to start a shorter post about my horses colors and what color possibility that would give when breeding my horses. Now I have got two post planned/prepared and found out that I needed a short start, introducing some basic facts for those that isn’t to much into genetics… So, here it comes:
All individuals have a double set up of genes. One copy from the mother and one from the father.
Different traits is inherited in different ways, sometimes many genes works together to create the end results, sometimes it is one single gene, and sometimes both genes at the same spot contribute to the result. An example (a little simplified):
- Height in humans is said to be a polygenic trait, in other words many genes contribute to a persons height. I think that height in horses is inherited in the same way, but haven’t seen fact on that.
- Grey in horses is a one gene trait. If the horse has the greying gene they get grey. Only one copy of the grey gene is enough and visually there is no differnce between one with two coies of the grey gene and one with one copy. Therefore the grey gene is dominant over the gene that don’t give grey as a color.
- The creme gene in horses (that for example is behind buckskins and palominos) is also one gene and if the horse get one gen it goes buckskin, palomino etc. But, if the horse gets one creme gen from the dame and one from the sire it becomes very pale. Usually those horses are called perlino, cremello or smokey black, depending on what the base color of the horse is.
Base color in horses
The horse coat is either pigmented by either eumelanin that gives a black base color or pheomelanin that gives the chestnut typ of color, the red based horses. All other colors are created by specific genes that interacts and changes the way the colors is expressed.
Writing gene setup
When telling about the genetic setup of an individual there is a specific way to do that. A dominant trait is written with a capital letter. In the example with the grey color above, that means that the greying gene is written G as it is dominant. As all horses has two genes of each type, or at each locus there is two possibility, either GG or Gg. g is how the recessive gene is written. Both those horses looks grey. The horse that isn’t grey is instead gg at the grey locus and that is there for usually not mentioned.
Why is it interesting to know about the genetic setup? It matters while breeding. A horse that is GG is only getting grey offspring as it always gives a G to the offspring. (And the horse with one G is going to be grey). The horse with Gg instead is only going to get 50% offspring that goes grey and 50% that doesn’t if crossed with a non grey horse. A horse with two copies of the same type at a locus is called homozygous for that trait and is always going to pass that trait to the offspring. A horse with Gg, two different types of the gene is called heterozygous.
(Extra:
Eumelanin and pheomelanin is also the reason for pigmentation in many other animals and humans.
Some scientific papers says that a homozygos grey horse grey faster than the one with one copy of the grey gene, so it might be possible to some extent to visually distingusih between greys wioth one or two copys of the gene.)
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